ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()

If a and b are Boolean NumPy arrays, the & operation returns the elementwise-and of them: a & b That returns a Boolean array. To reduce this to a single Boolean value, use either (a & b).any() or (a & b).all() Note: if a and b are non-Boolean arrays, consider (a - b).any() or (a - b).all() instead. Rationale The NumPy developers felt there was no one commonly understood way to evaluate an array in Boolean context: it could mean True if any element is True, or it could mean True if all elements are True, or True if the array has non-zero length, just to name three possibilities. Since different users might have different needs and different assumptions, the NumPy developers refused to guess and instead decided to raise a ValueError whenever one tries to evaluate an array in Boolean context. Applying and to two numpy arrays causes the two arrays to be evaluated in Boolean context (by calling __bool__ in Python3 or __nonzero__ in Python2).